The former Jewish community in the lower and upper Saliba

Translated version of Horne & Dolne Saliby.pdf

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1 The former Jewish community in the lower and upper Saliba Victoria Bányai, Research Institute for Ethnic Minorities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, banyai.viktoria @ hebraisztika.hu Szilvia Kormos, 2151 Fót, Pf. 35, Hungary, kormos.szilvia @ gmail.com Bányai, Victoria - Kormos, Szilvia. The former Jewish population of Lower and Upper Saliba. Man and Society, 2009, Vol. 12, no. 1. This study analyzes two sources that have not been used in literature: The Cemetery and the civil registers. Findings from these and other sources should Broaden our understanding of these communities. The cemeteries and the civil register comprehend almost the same period: a half century between the last decade of the 19 th century and the end of the 1940s, with a lot references back to the middle of the 19 th century. Lower Saliba. Upper Saliba. The Jews. Immigration. Inscriptions of the Cemetery. Name-giving. Professions. Institutions of Religious Community. Holocaust. In the literature, respectively. the work of regional history will find the small Jewish community in two neighboring communities in Matthew's country only a few briefings, on which we can outline the basic features of their history. 1 Settlements and eviction This study mainly by two processes, the scientific literature hitherto untapped sources, cemeteries and civil registries. Data obtained from these, respectively. from other sources, we increase the knowledge of these communities. Cemeteries and civil registries cover approximately the same stage - more than half a century between the last decades of the 19th century and late 40-ies of the 20th century, with many appeals to the mid-19 century. The reconstruction pedigree database helped us to Jerusalem's Yad Vashem institution (Shoah Victims' Database), but some questions remained still unanswered. In preparing the study, we use of research carried out in Galante (Centropa collections. A Jewish Witness to a Century European). The earliest data on the settlement of Jewish people coming from the last third of the 18th century, at the beginning of modern history of Hungarian Jews occupied important economic function: have árendátormi feudal estates, so the rent earned the right to 1 Summary information on the history of Jews in both villages are a short password in the work of Brahe, Randolph L. (Ed.). Magyarországi A holokauszt földrajzi enciklopédiája. Budapest: Park Kiadó, 2007. Most data Lower Saliba contains publications Alsószeli regional history, edited ktorú Pukkai, László (Galanta 1990), many important data is also found in Volume II Mátyusföld. Egy regions története and XI. századtól 1945-ig, which he edited Bukovszky, László (Komárom - Dunaszerdahely: Forum Kisebbségkutató Intézet- Könyvkiadó Lilium Aurum, 2005). In this way we would like to thank Orsolya Szabó and Ivanov Halászi individuals who provide assistance processing resources and Slovak literature.
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2 distillery, pubs and open trade in tobacco and other goods. Samuel on Jakab under contract from 1765 signed Györgyi Huszar, prefect estates of Count János Palffy, won the right to distillery and spirits pouring in Dolni Saliba. 2 V national census in 1767 registered in Horne Saliby two Jewish families. One of them rented feudal distillery, the second dealt in tobacco. 3 From the times have been continuously present tenants, but families who later formed the core communities moved into Salib (to the lower Salib Müllerovci to Horne Salib Krakauerovci, Messingerovci, Schönthalovci, Ehrenwaldovci, Löwingerovci) to between 1840 to 1860. In most cases, the family came from Galanta. The families were from Galanta links very strong bond, both because of geographical proximity, both because religion. Churchbooks was Galante, The local rabbi published guidelines, there function yeshiva. The largest number of members of these communities have in the Dual Monarchy, when they together around 240 members. 4 Jews who settled in two Saliba, for themselves or their children, spouses have not selected of Galanta, but mainly from the surrounding villages. 5 Most of those who came from distant parts, was born in one of neighboring counties Bratislava, Komarno, Nitra (Nitra eg, Streatley, Hlohovec, Sered, Courts of Zittau, Willow, Lower Štál, Pezinok, Tvrdošovce, Gold cobs, Šúrovce); Jewish settler from distant parts was unique. One of the exceptions consisted of family Eilendera, who came from the Transcarpathian village Dombi. Their story, we get from an interview with one daughter who survived the Holocaust. Multiple family relationships pospájali closer region, the Jewish community of former municipalities of the district and neighboring Galanta šalianskeho district. Spouses came from the following municipalities: Abraham, bridge, Hody, Jelka, Kajal, Kings Brod, Košúty, Trstice, Barren Úľany, Tomášikovo, Vozokany, Black Brod; Diakovce, Vlčany, Neded, Tešedíkovo, Šoporňa. It is noticeable that there are Saliba associated with such marriages. In this regard, an interesting example of butcher- usurious Müllerovcov family. Márton Müller (1823 - 1901) moved to the lower Salib of Galanta. His sons, who continued his business Hermann (1863 - 1944) remained in the village and the second, Mór (1859 - 1934) moved to Horne Salib. Mór chose second wife from among the local and even some of his sons married with locals. But that changed habits of the family who remained in Dolni Saliba. His members had not taken wives from the upper Salib, as established in the genus Horne Saliba to marry with members of the genus Dolne Salib. 6 2 PUKKAI, Laszlo (Ed.). Alsószeli. Galanta, 1990, p. 23-24. The family in 1934 because of poverty moved from Transcarpathia, which then was part of Czechoslovakia. After that, you select upper Saliby vďačili uncle, who as an employee business travel across the entire Singer State. Considered preferable that the father, Leba Eilender (1902 - 1963), tailor, you will find much more secure livelihoods. In the Jewish community, against his then-residence, was no other tailor. On the other hand, a local Jewish school had constant problems 3 Jewish state was drafted in 1767 / 8 In: Schreiber, Sandor (Ed.). Zsidó oklevéltár Magyar-16. Vol. Budapest: Magyar Országos Izraeliták Képviselete, 1974, p. 184-185. 4 Population data, see Annex. 5 Simplified register, which was used after 1907, already mentioned place of birth, since that time we have incomplete data on the origin of species or families of immigrants. 6 Interview with Rose Martin Korčok Deutchovou (October 2004 Galanta) Centropa. A Jewish Witness to and the European Century to the home page (www.centropa.org) can be found in Part Slovakia.
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3 with many children, and because state did not receive subsidies, and therefore the whole community welcomed the family with six children. Their account came. Promote their religious community and the distillery Szold. Between 1935 and 1937, their two other children born here who were entered into the registry. During the winter of 1938, after the arrival of Hungarian troops were evicted from the village, because not appropriate documents to show Hungarian citizenship. Galantský congregation them zaopatrila place, but there is no security for documents returned. Holocaust survivor father only assigned to compulsory labor, and two older daughters who later lived in Israel and Galante. Sources of evictions provided little information on the fate of emigrants hardly anything know. 7 A portion of their leave because of marriage, but remains in the same region. Others moved to larger towns (Galanta, Streatley, New Castle, Trenčín, Trnava) or in major cities (Bratislava, Vienna, Budapest), where a significant Jewish community. The urban environment offered new opportunities for Saliba - yet unknown industry employment and educational opportunity. Thus he became Adolf Krauker (1890 - 1944) or bankers in Trnava Jeno Schönberger (1898-1945), son of the former teacher, surgeon in Bratislava. With among the those who settled in Vienna are the most famous members manage and distilling family Szold. Zsigmond Szold (1844 - 1912) to land, which initially leased from Erno Esterhazy and after several years has bought, in 1887 founded the distillery Szold & Eisler, who became the most important industrial equipment in Horne Saliba. 8 Two abandoned cemeteries The factory operates in two locations, v majeri Dögösmajor burned alcohol from molasses, while Hrušov (Körtvélyes) of potatoes. Mali huge storage capacity and ensure the transport of industrial railways. The title company name "Eisler" is the surname of his wife Zsigmond Eisler, Emma Eislerová. From their children Fanni (1869 - 1940) died in Horne Saliby, but József and Mano moved in Vienna, and grandchildren were born there. Both sons were allowed to baptize József. Dr. Frigyes Szold (1909 - 1944) in 1938 in Bratislava, Zsigmond János Szold (1911 -?) In 1942 in Újpeste joined the Lutheran Church. Jewish cemeteries have traditionally been created at some distance outside the village. This tradition was observed in both Saliba. Cemeteries are located approximately 300 m apart at the border village close to the plot, which flows Dudváh and bound her fertile fields. Given the characteristics of both burial plots are narrow and have a rectangular floor plan. Location suggests the former religious buildings entrances. Into the (now almost inaccessible) hornosalibského cemetery is possible to get another way. Although both Jews municipalities have shared a synagogue, mikvah (ritual bath) and a school, the cemetery is nedelili. In the same time, on the same parcel established two cemeteries. Funerals traditionally performed Association Chevra Kadisha (Holy Brotherhood), which consisted of members of the community. Lairaging dead belonged to the Most Merciful deeds, because it was a boon unrequited, but clubs usually carried out by other social acts (sick care, support etc.). Dolnosalibské Israelite sacred brotherhood (Chevra Kadisha) filed its articles of 7 Source of most data is published here Holocaust Victims' Database. Available at: www.yadvashem.org. 8 POKREIS, Hildegard. A gyáripari termelés kialakulása and Mátyusföldön. In: L. Bukovszky (Ed.). Mátyusföld II ..., p. 209.
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4 Ministry of the Interior 15th March 1891 and received approval of the Ministry 14th januára 1892nd 9 The current status of abandoned cemeteries is quite bad. At both cemeteries is a lot stands empty and broken tombstones and easier to access and (Today) or unprotected fence dolnosalibskom most cemetery tombstones missing. On hornosalibskom cemetery in 1986 ran an unprofessional restaurant during which destroyed part of the inscriptions, but there is a lot of uprooted and broken tombstones. During the research we Dolne Saliba narátali 37 funeral stones (or fractions, bases, scattered fragments), of which a dozen were on sufficient to identify the signs. In the local registry office in the period 1895 - 1944 was registered a further 21 adults with Israelite religion, buried in unidentified graves. For deceased infants and young children (includes a 7-8 - year olds) are usually not built tombstone, traces of their death is not found the cemetery, only in the registers. The two cemeteries are examined together to find only four children's graves and all come from the interwar period. Three of them left draw členovia large and wealthy (and meat-usurious) Müllerovcov families, prispôsobiac probably so usual mainstream society. In Horne Saliba We have mapped out 79 tombstones (or fractions, bases, fragments), which 55 we could identify. Number of identified adults and other adults registered deaths in the book is also roughly coincides here with the number of graves. Both cemeteries were introduced in these years, still the oldest existing gravestone stone in Dolni Saliba is from 1895, in Horne Saliby of 1890. According to Apparently, dolnosalibský cemetery after the Holocaust did not use (last tombstone is 1936), the last hornosalibskom cemetery burial was in 1958. Of Jewish cemeteries is not traditionally a family tomb, only specific graves. The strict Orthodox communities, women and men were resting on the two sides separately. In salibských cemeteries such distinction is, but also close relatives (spouse a wife, mother and daughter) were common tombstone only if the time of their death was close. 10 Moreover, we can see that family members were buried in neighboring tombs in this case, if the elapsed time of their death a few years. Another important factor in the location of the tombs was the fact that the kohen cover purity law, under which the sub could not come into contact with the deceased, could not enter the tomb at the cemetery. 11 9 Barabás, György. Magyarországi zsidó hitközségek, egyletek, társulatok alapszabályai 1705 - 2005. Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatóközpont, 2007, p. 70. / Magyar zsidó levéltári repertory, 2 / But that still could go to the tomb their relatives, they were buried in separate places, near the fence. This area is be clearly indicated on the right of ritual buildings on the map hornosalibského cemetery, where contains the tombs of family members Müllerovcov, Diamantovcov and Kohnovcov (gravestones stone number 62 to 72). In the current state dolnosalibského cemetery is not found also clear layout, but since there was a significant family Müller Kohen, had to have a solution. Theoretically, a religiously acceptable solution is that the tomb was 10 Only three common gravestones located at the upper Saliba: number 12, 16 and 66 In Dolne Saliba 23rd tombstone was later joining two individual stones. 11 Kohen - a man belonging to the priestly class, in the Bible the descendants of Aaron (brother of Moses), the first high priest. Kohenský origin on his father's side is hereditary, except the law of purity associated with the dead has a role in liturgy and matrimonial law.
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5 paved and slightly elevated walkway that person would be moving after it separated from other parts of the cemetery. Content and language component tombstones also determines tradition, but almost every epitaph has a personal text. Text still must contain (Hebrew) name of the deceased, mother's name, date of death also by the Jewish calendar, is entered on the data is necessary to organize ceremonial anniversary of the death (Jahrzeit). In addition basic data and initial and final formulas are usually a few lines to characteristics and valuation of a deceased person who is the most common form akrostichon, poem in which the initial letters form the name of dead man verses. These short texts may include age of the deceased (no Hebrew inscription ever born) number of children that may include information on mandates in religious communities, whether the name specific living conditions (eg long widowhood). 12 Due to the small number of gravestones in Dolni Saliba, we wanted to avoid sweeping conclusions, but what can be observed that the language of the epitaph some differences between the two studied cemetery. At the turn of the century and the time before First World War from both cemeteries are purely Hebrew inscriptions, long texts (with many verses) that reflect the traditional community to adhere to rabbinical culture as spiritual centers in the western orthodoxy (Galanta, or Dunajska Streda Bratislava distant) can be expected. 13 Habits in naming persons For the inscriptions of the interwar period, several noticeable changes. In Horne Saliby continue to be monolingual general Hebrew inscriptions, but it is evident that in this period in many cases is mistakenly referred to the Hebrew date (33rd, 37th, 75th), which may indicate that Hebrew was no longer natural language community and the civil calendar year was calculated only for tombstone. In the same place we can meet with German inscription the years 1932 and 1934, but the Hungarian word does not exist in any form. Moreover, in Dolní Saliba six of the known inscriptions of the interwar period, only two are purely Hebrew; three are Hebrew-Hungary (1928, 1929 and 1936), is a Hebrew-German (1933). The period after the Holocaust come from only two inscriptions - Upper Saliba: 47 (1946) and 61 (1958) - the Hebrew is flawless, but the inscription of 1958 is well short Hungarian text, the first (and last) to hornosalibskom cemetery. While tombstone inscriptions, and given the characteristics of this genre, to show to end 20-ies of the 20th century conservatism in the habit of naming the individuals Registry entries that can be studied, are obvious changes in giving names since 80 - s of the 19th century and is often possible to discern signs of Acculturation. On assimilation in these communities can not speak. In communities of Jews living here has occurred or turned into Hungarians single currency before the Holocaust, no one neprekrstil, incurred mixed marriages. Such changes can be observed only in a few families 12 In the study, are just a few examples, see appendix. All documentation research, which includes Hebrew texts and their Hungarian translations of each epitaph, is available in the library MTA Judasztikai Kutatócsoport (Budapest) and in electronic form. 13 The only exception is no tombstone. 55 in Horne Saliba, where the name of the deceased (Ignatius Schöntahl) is and the Latin script, in the form of Hungarian.
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6 who moved and lived in larger cities. 14 After the extinction of the monarchy and the establishment of the Czechoslovak government to change the language shown also in the registry. (The table shows the names of the Hungarian equivalents, since other data show the that slovakizácia names existed only in official circles.) It is difficult to separate the impact parents and authorities (if the differences between them) when choosing a name. The fact is that in the interwar period, fewer mentioned using the old Hungarian names and little increase in the number of those names that were known and Slovaks (László, Márton, Miklós, Janka, Olga). Since 30-ies new trend is evident, especially in the choice of female names. Children are entered into the registry under such names Hebrew Bible (Judith Lea Éva, Zsuzsanna), previously used only as Jewish names, even though such. names And Zsuzsanna Judit (Shoshana) had not used either as a Jewish name (and not just both Saliba). For this phenomenon is clearly Zionist ideology. With these names at once parted with a double identity in terms of civil and Jewish name, respectively. in naming women to combine tradition with widespread diaspora Yiddish names. Three girls who were born in 1947 have already received these clearly Jewish names. However, the names of persons, as can be see also Annex table. 3, in the last two decades of the 19th century began implement new habits (we could say the fashion), reflecting a Hungarian mentality. To think of the choice of such names as the old Hungarian Árpád, Géza, Zoltan, Gyula, or Bela, respectively. the typical use of such names as Christian Pál, Miklós, Ferenc, Margit, Claire. Since 1880 has been entered into the registry with boy Or you can name Abraham. These names were used only in religious life, in civilian life using the names of Adolf, Árpád and Mór. The typical biblical names are used only a few: József, Eszter Simon, Mihály, Jakab. When compared to other Registry records and gravestone inscriptions we can see other examples of the use of two currencies (The Jewish name / civil name): Hajji Zvi / Hermann, Mordekhaj / Márton, Meir / Márton, Elazar / Lazar, Abraham / Adolf, Reuven / Rudolf, Yakov / Jeno, Rahel / Roza, Libel / Magdalene Toiba / Anton, Lea / Ilona, ​​Malka / Malvin, Golda / Katalin, Sarah / Szeréna. Data on occupation Professional literature Jews living in two villages characterized as communities living in well-being. This claim is mostly correct, but they were exceptions. There were also a family who lived in a really great misery. The most typical way of Jewish livelihood was trading community. We can distinguish two categories of traders: Kramáre and traders in agricultural products. Shopkeeper selling various goods local population, for example. Trade in textiles and clothing business. The second group belonging traders - given the nature of the agricultural community - buy and sell products and animals, trading in grain, flour, cattle, horses, eggs and poultry. Types of business were inherited, he inherited his father's son, respectively. son in law, between siblings to share. Eg. Schönhaltovci and Ehrenwaldovci (Upper Saliba) were Kramar, Steklerovci (Lower Saliba) traded poultry Kauferovci (Upper Saliba) sell grain, Müllerovci (in both places) were usurers more generations. The period before World War we have data on hawkers and buyers (junkman, 14 For the last name turned into Hungarians have only a single example: Dezső Lowinger, who was born in 1900 in Dolné Saliba in 1918 changed its name to Lantos. Of mixed Jewish-Lutheran marriage comes Karolin Szigeti, entered into hornosalibskej registry in 1918, but in this case Protestant mother (Gizella pony) had a local origin, not father and family still lived in Budapest.
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7 handriar, potter), which was typical for the profession of poor Jews in the 18th and 19 century and they usually provide very modest living. Other occupations except Saliba traders were relatively rare, even here we find typical Jewish profession, innkeeper. Many called it occurred only in individuals, eg. of craftsmen was registered baker, carpenter, glass-makers, shoemakers, tailors, one birth Babice in Dolne Saliba and Dr GP. Arnold Lowinger (1896 - 1944) Horne in Saliba. In addition to the above-mentioned family Szoldovcov and others, for example. Dezső Deutsch (1899 - 1944) and József Krakauer (1896 - 1958) dealing with land tenure and management on a smaller plot. The poorest members of the community were journeyman and helpers (baker and predavačský assistant, waiter). Registrar on behalf of Gutman Braun (1836 - 1901), who came from the Nitra region (Kisbál), in employment referred to 'beggar, tailor-repairman ". Of his sons Elijah only remain at the top Saliba, his siblings attempted to happiness in Nove, Golden Ear, Trnava. Elias earned as a day laborer. Jewish families who lived on the farmstead belonging to both communities, it is necessary to separately mention. Heads of families - as opposed to village traders, artisans, farmers - not have their own business, but were employed as professional intelligence or expert workers. One part of these families came from a great distance (eg from Vas County - Szécsény or Olaszliszka), but also from a closer distance (from the villages of Bratislava and Nitra counties), we can say that came as no longer married, that marriage is neintegrovali the community and their descendants have had a relationship to the village. First, data are for Majerník this position Illés Frischmann in Dolni Saliba (Palffy farmstead) in 1890 and Miksa Schwartz on majeri Dögösmajor. At the turn of the century farmstead Palffy directed David Drechsler (1870 - 1932), Mór Neumann drove to work in the Dögösmajor József same time, Stern managed economy to Hrusovsky Majer, while Vilmos Weisz (1870 - 1934) was a storekeeper in Dögösmajor granary. Most Jewish professionals employed distilleries Eisler & Szold. Among them were eg. Head of Production - Chief (Lajos Neumann [1861 to 1924], after Henrik Lebovits [1888 - 1944]), accounting (Samuel Politzer), and warehouseman (Lipo Weiss). Enterprise, which employed 10 officers and 80 workers. This company, after confiscation of assets Jewish owners after 1938 operated under the new leadership under the name Magyar Király Egyedárúsági Szeszgyár (Hungarian royal coat of distillery). Apparently in this factory, which no longer Jewish leadership, became the case, we know Decision of Vilmos Glattsteina, kráľovskochlmeckého rabbi. 15 15 GLATTSTEIN, Joel Wolf Zeev. Szefer seelot in-Nahal tesuvot Joel I. Zeev Booklyn: Hevra anse Helmec, 1988, no. 56. [R. Joel Zeev Glattstein döntvényeinek gyűjteménye]. Hornosalibský rabbi Jichak Öhlbaum Glattsteinovi raised the following question. One man who lost his father and according to religious law during the first month of mourning could not shave, applied for exemption from that requirement, which justify their work and employment. This man was the head office and its absence from work would mean financial loss both for the company, both for him, unshaven but could not go to work, it would be became the subject of ridicule. Öhlbaum probably dared to decide independently and therefore asked an old and venerable rabbi for help, which he assured that Glattstein Vilmos / R. Joel Zeev Glattstein (1870-1944). Since 1906 until the deportation of the community was Royal rabbi Chlmec. His decision, according to the rabbi's manuscripts, scholars issued survivors Holocaust. Ignatius of Öhlbaum Jichaku see below for a religious community among employees.
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8 exemption can afford. Long religious interpretation of the rabbi did not Glattsteina more details of the case, but also from the existing text to see the dilemma a person who is vulnerable, afraid for their livelihoods, the environment is concerned about the reaction that would be mocked observance of funeral customs, but it adheres to the religious practices. 16 Fear of man, that he might lose your job, can be understood if we realize how drastically changed the living conditions in the early forties, after entry into force of the Jewish laws. 17 Fathers who were previously employed at the dealer in poultry (Géza Géza Braun and Steiner), Lichvár (József Messinger) or Kramar (Jeno Pollák Wolf), when their children enrolled in the registry were in this period all designated as "day laborers". 18 Institutions and employees of a religious community During the enrollment year of birth 1942, 1943 and 1944 we found only a single father who has retained its original status. It was a Árpád Schönthál, a trader with a variety of goods. Jewish entrepreneurs were trying to consequences mitigate the anti-Jewish laws, so that your business clobber to such person, to not covered by these laws (Stroman), but management and a portion of the gain remains original owner. According to a memorial in Dolné Saliba after withdrawal Trade permits usury Müllerovci thus overwrite your business to Dezsőa Kürtiho. Jewish citizens both in the mid-19th Salib century the Jewish community have established a Joint (Religious community), which was a branch of Galanta. At a basic level this could mean maintaining a place of prayer, handling funeral affairs, further job šaktera, which was indispensable to a kosher diet. 19 16 The situation that occurred after anti-Jewish regulations, raised similar questions for many religiously oriented Jews and expect help from rabbis communities. These internal, Jewish perspective resources reflecting the history of the Holocaust in Hungary, are almost completely unprocessed. Rare exception is work: FROJIMOVICS, King - Konya, Judit. Rabbinikus források and Holokauszthoz. Budapest: ELTE BTK-Holokauszt tanulmányok Program, 2006. [Maamakim. Holokauszt tanulmányok, 2]. Following an increase in their number stood synagogue in Horne Saliba, which had dimensions of 8 x 15 meters and the building with an internal gallery stood 80 years until the end of 20th century. In the synagogue also be established for staff (a teacher, a rabbi) and mikvah (ritual bath) and later received a separate building kosher slaughterhouse and the school. After 1868, the institutionalization of internal division Jews of Hungary, to join the community hornosalibská orthodoxy. At the turn of the century know more about the functioning of societies: Chevra Kadisha (Holy Brotherhood), which secured the funeral matters and seems to work several years ago, Chevra gemilut chasadim / Hevra gemilut haszadim (Association of acts of kindness), who has social services and Somr Torah (Torah Guardians) religious and educational association. Statement rings from 1944, recorded the same three rings. 17 Consequences of anti-Jewish laws on the economy and jobs, see the DON, Yehuda. Magyarországi A zsidóság társadalom-és gazdaságtörténete and 19-20. században. Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatóközpont, 2006, 5 - 6 chapter. 18 As well as day laborers figuring Árpád Messinger Messinger and Kálmán, but for which the original profession is not known, because more children were born to them. From lower Salib we have similar data, the last Jewish child it is registered in the registry in 1939. 19 See password Upper Saliba. In: Buchler, YR - Shahak, R. - Fatran, A. (Eds.): Pinkasz ha-kehillot: Szlovákia. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2003, p. 164-166. According to the author passwords Horne Saliby already in the first half of the 19th century, the cemetery, but we do not have it confirmed from other sources.
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9 In the late 19th century village employed šaktera, who was also head of the prayer (saliah-cibbur) , učiteľa a kostolníka (šames). Spomedzi nich menovite poznáme šaktera Móra Kaufmanna z 90-tych rokov 19. storočia a učiteľa Sámuela Schönberga (1861 – 1911), narodeného v Tvrdošovciach a ako je to zrejmé z jeho náhrobného nápisu od 1889 počas 22 rokov až do smrti pôsobil v Horných Salibách. Podľa židovského náboženstva otec je osobne zodpovedný za odovzdanie náboženských poznatkov potomkom a vzdelávanie detí, a to zabezpečením domácich učiteľov alebo súkromných škôl (cheder) , aj v tých obciach, kde nebola verejná škola. Verejné židovské základné školy – snahy Jozefa II. nerátajúc – začali vznikať vo väčšom množstve v rokoch 1830 – 1840 v uhorských obciach, ktoré podporovali osvietenstvo a maďarizáciu. Ortodoxný smer dlho odmietal zavedenie svetského vzdelávania, ale v druhej polovici storočia, na veľmi silný štátny nátlak, západná ortodoxia s bratislavským strediskom predsa len vybudovala svoju školskú sieť, aby sa ich deti mohli učiť vo vlastných školách a aby nemuseli navštevovať inštitúcie iného náboženstva alebo štátu. Židovská základná škola s maďarským vyučovacím jazykom as výučbou náboženských a svetských predmetov bola v Horných Salibách bola založená okolo roku 1880. Učiteľom na tejto škole bol Schönberger. Podľa dostupných informácií v škole stále prebiehalo združené vyučovanie, jeden učiteľ vyučoval žiakov štyroch, neskôr päť a šesť ročníkov. Počet detí v roku 1922 bol 32, v roku 1944 už 45. 20 Na konci rokov prvého desaťročia 20. st. a začiatkom 20-tych rokov bol učiteľom Izidor Varga, v 30-tych rokoch 20. storočia boli učiteľmi Helena Berger a Zoltán Reisner. 21 Zaujímavou epizódou zo života komunity v 30-tych rokoch 20. storočia bol konflikt kvôli zamestnaniu nového šaktera a jeho halachickej príprave. Rozkol v komunite bol taký veľký, že znemožnil fungovanie inštitúcií. Napokon do prípadu zasiahlo bratislavské stredisko ortodoxných náboženských obcí, ktoré riadením náboženskej obce poverilo Simona Ehrenfelda. O rozpoltenosti komunity podal svedectvo jeden člen rodiny Eilendera, ktorý v rokoch 1934 – 1938 žil v Horných Salibách. Podľa jeho spomienok v tých časoch fungovali dvaja šakteri v obci, Ignác Öhlbaum, ku komu chodili členovia rodiny Müllerovej a Schwartzovej a József Krauker, ktorý získaval prácu od Kraukerovcov. 22 Skutočnú príčinu konfliktu a postoj iných rodín (ak vôbec zaujali nejaký) môžeme iba odhadovať. Je možné, že to bol iba osobný konflikt dvoch početných a vplyvných rodín Müllerovcov a Kraukerovcov, ale niektoré momenty poukazujú na to, že nezhody mali ideologický odtieň. Kým Kraukerovci boli prívržencami najprísnejšej konzervatívnej ortodoxie, Müllerovci boli otvorenejší av sfére kultúrneho približovania sa pokročilejší. Svedčia o tom už spomenuté dvojjazyčné, maďarsko-hebrejské náhrobné kamene, ktoré boli postavené v 20-tych rokoch v Dolných Salibách; napr. Henrika Müllera (1894 – 1944), ktorý bol účtovníkom, čo si vyžadovalo vyššie svetské vzdelanie. Pri rodine Schwartzovej môžeme spomenúť, že ich najstarší syn, Árpád Schwarzt (1896 – ? ) bol jediný, o ktorom vieme, že si v roku 1922 nevybral československé, ale maďarské občianstvo. 23 20 POKREIS, H. Elemi oktatás a Mátyusföldön. In: BUKOVSZKY, László (Ed.): Mátyusföld II . ..., s. 274. 21 Izidor Varga je známy z matričných záznamov, kde sa zaevidovali jeho deti narodené v rokoch 1918, 1920 a 1923, druhé dve mená sú známe zo spomienok Ruženy Deutchovej. 22 Interview Martina Korčoka (október 2004, Galanta) a Centropa. A Jewish Witness to a European Century na domovskej stránke (www.centropa.org), je v časti Slovakia. 23 Hornosalibská rodná matrika 1896/103.
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10 Konflikt medzi dvoma tábormi sa po rozdelení vedúcich pozícií upokojil. V apríli 1944 Magyar Zsidók Központi Tanácsa (Centrálny výbor maďarských židov) podľa nariadení nemeckých úradov vyhotovil súpis, podľa ktorého predsedom náboženskej obce sa stal Lipót Krauker (1894 – 1944). 24 Podľa matričných údajov vieme, že József Krauker v roku 1941 pracoval ako učiteľ náboženstva. Öhlbaum sa v roku 1938 spomína ako zastupujúci rabín, od roku 1941 figuruje ako rabín. Už spomínaná zbierka rozsudkov kráľovskochlmeckého rabína Glattsteina a aj odpovede adresované Öhlbaumovi potvrdzujú, že Öhlbaum zastával funkciu dajjan u-more (sudca a učiteľ), resp. rabína. 25 Súpisné a volebné štatistiky Avšak súpis z roku 1944 už informuje o tom, že obec už nemá rabína. V štatistikách Rakúsko-Uhorska sa židovská populácia zisťovala ako náboženská kategória, za samostatnú národnostnú skupinu sa nepokladali ani obyvatelia s jidišským materinským jazykom, lebo jidiš nepovažovali za samostatný jazyk. V dôsledku toho židovstvo obohatilo skupinu obyvateľov s nemeckým a neskôr s maďarským materinským jazykom, čo bolo záujmom maďarských oficiálnych kruhov. V medzivojnovom Československu (podobne ako v Rumunsku a Srbsko-chorvátsko-slovinskom kráľovstve) židovstvo uznali za národnosť. Vtedy vyhotovené súpisy nezisťovali materinský jazyk, ale národnosť a hoci sa podľa pokynov tieto mali zvyčajne zhodovať, práve pri židoch to nebolo možné brať do úvahy, lebo židia bez ohľadu na materinský jazyk, si mohli vybrať židovskú národnosť. 26 Podľa údajov o sčítaní ľudu silný nárast počtu obyvateľov s izraelitským vierovyznaním, ktorí sa hlásili k židovskej národnosti (a pokles takýchto obyvateľov hlásiacich sa maďarskej národnosti) v oboch Salibách v rokoch 1921 až 1930 sa zhoduje so zjednotenými štatistickými údajmi. Tento proces sa ešte v Dolných Salibách v roku 1921 neodzrkadľuje. V tom je možné vidieť snahu novej štátnej moci na „oddelenie“ Židov od Maďarov, aby aj takto znížil počet a pomer maďarskej menšiny. Výber židovskej národnosti v tomto kontexte znamenal vyjadrenie lojality k novej štátnej moci. In vyhodnotení štatistických údajov je potrebné akceptovať ďalšie dve okolnosti. Na jednej strane protižidovská diskriminačná politika trianonského Maďarska v nástupných štátoch odcudzila židovstvo s maďarským materinským jazykom. Na druhej strane na odčlenených územiach boli v prevahe ortodoxné (a chasidské) komunity, ktoré ich duchovní podľa tradície považovali za národ a nielen za náboženstvo, ale na vyjadrenie toho počas sčítania ľudu v období dualizmu nemali možnosť. Tabuľka 1 24 SCHWEITZER, József – FROJIMOVICS, Kinga (Eds.). Magyarországi zsidó hitközségek 1944. április. A Magyar Zsidók Központi Tanácsának összeírása a német hatóságok rendelkezése nyomán. 1. köt. Adattár. Budapest : MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1994, s. 215. 25 GLATTSTEIN, JZW Szefer seelot u-tesuvot ..., no. 30/ 56. Druhý rozsudok rozoberá to, či sa dá pokladať za kóšer taká hus, u ktorej dodatočne, počas varenia našli určitú ranu na gágore. 26 Cituje aj text nariadenia: KEPECS, József. (Ed.). A Felvidék településeinek nemzetiségi (anyanyelvi) megoszlása, 1880 – 1941. Budapest : Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, 1995, s. 12-13.
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11 Izraelitské vierovyznanie Židovská národnosť % 1921 Dolné Saliby 30 0 0 % Horné Saliby 158 88 55,6 % 1930 Dolné Saliby 32 29 90,6 % Horné Saliby 153 140 91,5 % Uvádzanie židovskej národnosti v nástupníckych štátoch nebol iba štatistický ťah, to jednoznačne dokazuje úspech spolitizovania židovskej národnosti, čo v potrianonskom Maďarsku bolo nepredstaviteľné. Židovská strana založená v roku 1918 mala v každom slovenskom meste s väčšou židovskou komunitou miestnu organizáciu. Ortodoxné židovstvo odmietalo sekulárne národné smery (moderný politický sionizmus) a namiesto toho preferovalo hnutie Agudat Jisrael, ktoré sa pridržiavalo angažovanej nábožnosti a tradičných foriem náboženskej obce. 27 Aj v Horných Salibách fungovalo toto hnutie, resp. jeho organizácia pre mládež Ceiré Agudat Jisrael. V komunálnych voľbách v obci v roku 1923 Židovská strana získala 119, vo voľbách v roku 1927 94 hlasov. 28 Oproti národnostnej (a politickej) identite náboženská identita sa ani v medzivojnovom období nestala problematickou pre židovských obyvateľov oboch Salíb. V ortodoxnom náboženstve sa objavili iba malé rozdiely. O zmiešaných manželstvách alebo o prijatí kresťanskej viery nemáme zmienky ani v období židovských zákonov počas veľkej vlny konvertovania. Avšak traja vysťahovalci sa v tomto období nechali pokrstiť. Okrem dvoch už spomenutých vnukov Szolda sa aj tretí údaj spája s liehovarskou kolóniou. Syn Lajosa Neumanna (1861 – 1924) bývalého riaditeľa liehovarov, Leó (narodený v roku 1906) žil so svojou rodinou v Galante a tam prestúpil na rímsko-katolícku vieru v roku 1939. Počet konvertovaných bol v galantskom okrese veľmi malý, v roku 1941 bolo zistených 74 židov, ktorí nemali izraelitské vierovyznanie (viac ako desať bolo iba v Galante, Sládkovičove a Senci) a popri nich 2444 izraelitov. 29 27 Agudat Jisrael (Spoločnosť Izraela), ortodoxné židovské politické hnutie a strana vznikli v roku 1912 v Poľsku. Jeho hlavným zámerom bolo ponúknuť ortodoxnú náboženskú alternatívu dovtedy už posilneným hnutiam, ktoré sa organizovali na sionistickej báze, resp. na sekularizovanej židovskej národnostnej ideológii. Hnutie do obdobia holokaustu bolo najsilnejšie v Poľsku (tu vedelo delegovať poslancov do Sejmu), ale malo značnú podporu aj v ortodoxných židovských komunitách Uhorska av okruhu nemeckých židov. 28 PÁLINKÁS, László. Politikai pártok és mozgalmak és a politikai rendszer a Mátyusföldön az első Csehszlovák Köztársaság időszakában (1918 – 1938). In: BUKOVSZKY, László (Ed.). Mátyusföld II. Egy régió története a XI. századtól 1945-ig. Komárom – Dunaszerdahely : Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet – Lilium Aurum Könyvkiadó, 2005, s. 153-154. Židovská strana v galantskom okrese okrem Horných Salíb získala hlasy v Galante a Seredi. 29 KEPECS, J. (Ed.). A zsidó népesség száma településenként, 1840 – 1941. Budapest : Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, 1993, s. 218-219.
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12 Holokaust a obdobie po holokauste O hospodárskych následkoch protižidovských zákonov sme hovorili pri údajoch o povolaní. To musíme dodať, že rodinní príslušníci tých, ktorí vykonávali pracovnú povinnosť, sa dostali do mimoriadne ťažkej situácie. Ich rodiny museli zaopatriť matky a väčšie deti. Na pomoc tým, ktorí stratili svoje živobytie a schudobnených vrstiev židovského obyvateľstva vznikla v decembri 1938 spoločnosť Magyar Izraeliták Pártfogó Irodája (Kancelária zástancov maďarských izraelitov) a na jeseň 1939 jej organizácia na pomoc týmto obyvateľom Országos Magyar Zsidó Segítő Akció (OMZSA) (Štátna pomocná akcia pre maďarských židov). Veľkú časť príjmov podporného fondu tvorili povinné odvody náboženských obcí, oboje Saliby v roku 1943 odviedli do fondu 500,5 pengő. 30 Čo utrpelo židovstvo na územiach patriacich k Slovensku počas vojny už v roku 1942 (medzi nimi aj obyvateľstvo, ktoré pochádzalo zo Salíb), to čakalo na nich na jar 1944 aj na územiach pripojených k Maďarsku. Koncom mája 1944 pozbierali židovských obyvateľov oboch obcí a spolu s inými židovskými obyvateľmi okresu ich nasťahovali do galantského geta. 5. júna ich prepravili z Galanty do Komárna a odtiaľ medzi 14. – 17. júnom 1944 do Auschwitzu. 31 Na konci vojny sa z nasadenia na práce, resp. z deportácie vrátilo iba niekoľko tuctov osôb; v roku 1948 žilo 55 židov v Horných Salibách. Na starých, matky s deťmi a na ich deti okamžite čakala plynová komora, prežiť mohli iba tie mladé dievčatá, ženy a muži, ktorí boli vhodní na vykonávanie prác. 32 Náboženská obec bola reorganizovaná, obnovila sa činnosť jednotlivých inštitúcií – modlitebný život v synagóge, výučba detí. Pravdepodobne zachovalá synagóga a obnovený život prilákali časť židovského obyvateľstva z okolitých obcí do Horných Salíb. Aj po zoštátnení školstva neformálne fungovala v obci židovská náboženská výchova, József Krauker do svojej smrti v roku 1958 učil deti. 33 Vyhlásenie obetí holokaustu za mŕtvych trvalo dlhé roky, prvé zápisy sa do matriky dostali v marci 1948. Samotné konanie sa začalo na podnet niektorého rodinného príslušníka a prebiehalo v Galante, resp. v Bratislave. Najtypickejšie bolo, že ten z manželského páru Niekoľko epizód zo života Józsefa Kraukera (1896 – 1958) sa dozvieme z jeho náhrobného nápisu (viď 4. prílohu). Z dvoch manželstiev v rokoch 1922 až 1942 sa mu narodilo 11 detí. Dve deti zomreli ako novorodeniatka, jeho osem detí a druhá manželka sa stali obeťami hrôzostrašnej éry. Zabili aj jeho starú matku a šesť dospelých súrodencov spolu s väčšinou ich druhov a detí. Osudy jeho ukrývania a záchrany, na čo naráža náhrobný nápis, nám nie sú známe, vieme iba to, že bol nasadený na pracovnú povinnosť vo Vértestarja. Spomedzi jeho detí prežil iba jeho najstarší syn, Alfréd Krakauer, ktorý sa narodil v roku 1922. Alfrédovi sa z manželstva Magdolnou Schwarz v roku 1947 narodil syn Pável (Pál) Krakauer, ktorý sa stal novým výhonkom vyhubenej rodiny. 30 Bilanciu rozpočtu z roku 1943 a plánovaný rozpočet na rok 1944 obsahuje súpis vyhotovený v apríli 1944. SCHWEITZER, J. – FROJIMOVICS, K. (Eds.). Magyarországi zsidó hitközségek ..., s. 215-216. 31 FROJIMOVICS, K. – MOLNÁR, J. (Eds.). Gettómagyarország 1944. A Központi Zsidó Tanács iratai. Budapest : Magyar Zsidó Levéltár, 2002, s. 72. (Makor – Magyar Zsidó Levéltári Füzetek, 5.) 32 Viď aj Horné Saliby heslo. In: BÜCHLER, YR – SHAHAK, R. – FATRAN, A. (Eds.). Pinkasz ha- kehillot ..., s. 166. 33 POKREIS, H. Elemi oktatás a Mátyusföldön. In: BUKOVSZKY, L. (Ed.): Mátyusföld II. ..., s. 275.
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13 ktorý prežil, požiadal o konanie, lebo sa iba po vyhlásení niekdajšieho druhu za mŕtveho mohlo byť zrušené manželstvo a uzavreté nové. Dĺžka konaní zapríčinila problémy siedmich židovských novorodeniatok, ktoré boli zaregistrované do matriky v rokoch 1947 až 1949 v Horných Salibách. Štyri (dve súrodenecké dvojice) boli deťmi „slobodných mamičiek“, totiž otcovia (Géza Braun a Móric Messinger) z právneho hľadiska boli ešte v manželskom zväzku, iba ich vyhlásenie o otcovstve bolo zaevidované v pripomienkach do matriky. Pri ďalšej dvojici súrodencov mala matka predošlé manželstvo, takže matrika v roku 1947 a 1948 ako otca uvádza dávno zabitého manžela (Ignác Messinger) a iba v roku 1952 po jeho vyhlásení za mŕtveho zaevidovali ozajstného otca (Koloman Messinger). Výnimku tvorí už spomenutý Pál Krakauer, lebo sa narodil z prvého manželstva svojho otca. 34 V roku 1949 sa väčšina židov z obce vysťahovala do Izraela. Jedna malá náboženská obec fungovala do konca roka 1950, ale potom sa presťahovala do Galanty a iných miest. Z tých, ktorí prežili ich potomkovia žijú aj v Spojených štátoch amerických. V oboch Salibách nám niekdajšie židovské komunity pripomínajú iba chátrajúce cintoríny. Prílohy Na pomníku obetiam druhej svetovej vojny v kresťanskom cintoríne obce av prácach o regionálnych dejinách sa pri vymenovaní obetí uvádzajú iba mená hlavy rodín. Tento zoznam s menami matiek a ich detí, ďalej s menami dvoch osôb, ktorí zahynuli pri výkone pracovnej povinnosti vzdáva hold týmto obetiam. Tabuľka 1 Obete holokaustu v Dolných Salibách Name Date narodenia Deutsch Dezső * 1899 Deutschné Braun Margit 1907 Deutsch Edit 1936 Deutsch Magdalena 1937 34 Spomínané prípady viď v hornosalibskej rodnej matrike. 1947/11, 1947/22, 1947/43, 1947/70, 1948/5, 1948/33, 1949/9.
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14 Deutsch Andor 1939 Deutsch Ferenc 1896 Deutschné Müller Katica 1897 Leichtner Mór . 1882 Leichtnerné Steiner Lina 1880 Leichtner Ernő 1922 Müller Béla 1893 Ruider Irén 1899 Müller Alice 1930 Müller Pál 1931 Müller Emánuel 1901 Müller Olga 1909 Müller András 1934 Müller Mária 1935 Müller Herman 1863 Müller Lajosné Stern Rozália 1907 Müller Ágnes 1932 Müller Miklós 1898 Müllerné Fischler Helena 1911 Müller Alfréd 1935 Müller György 1938 Stechler Ignác –** Stechler Adolf 1903 Stechlerné Steiner Mária 1909 Stechler Rozália 1933 Stechler Ernő 1935
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15 Schultz Jakab 1906 Löwinger Pál 1903 Poznámka: *Meno hlavy rodiny je hrubo vytlačené. **Neexistuje údaj Tabuľka 2 Počty dolnosalibskej židovskej (izraelitské vierovyznanie) populácie v rokoch 1765 – 2001 Rok Židovské obyvateľstvo Celkový počet obyvateľstva (%) Zdroj 1765 1 hlava rodiny –* Bérleti szerződés (Nájomná zmluva) (Pukkai, László [red.]: Alsószeli . Galánta, 1990, 23 – 24. p.) 1840 4 1 452 (0,3%) Fényes, Elek: Magyarország geográfiai szótára . Pest, 1851. 1858 18 1 306 (1,3%) Hornyánszky, Victor: Geographisches Lexikon des Königreichs Ungarn . Pest, 1858. 1880 96 2 036 (4,7%) Sčítanie ľudu 1890 77 2 218 (3,4%) Údaj od Novák, Veronika (Pukkai, László [red.]: Alsószeli . Galánta, 1990, 38. p.) 1910 55 2 148 (2,6%) Sčítanie ľudu 1919 36 – Prvý súpis československej populácie 1921 30 2 349 (1,2%) Sčítanie ľudu 1930 32 2 453 (1,3%) Sčítanie ľudu 1941 33 2 359 (1,4%) Sčítanie ľudu 1944 29 – A gettósítottak száma (Pukkai, László [red.]: Alsószeli . Galánta, 1990, 55. p.) 2001 1 1 922 Sčítanie ľudu
Page 16
16 Poznámka : *Neexistuje údaj
Page 17
17 Tabuľka 3 Počet hornosalibskej židovskej (izraelitské vierovyznanie) populácie Rok Židovské obyvateľstvo Celkový počet obyvateľstva (%) Zdroj 1767 2 hlavy rodín – Štátny súpis židov v r. 1767/8. ( Magyar-zsidó oklevéltár . 16. köt. Budapest, 1974) 1840' 8 1 988 (0,4%) Fényes, Elek: Magyarország geográfiai szótára . Pest, 1851. 1858 25 1 955 (1,2%) Hornyánszky, Victor: Geographisches Lexikon des Königreichs Ungarn . Pest, 1858. 1880 142 3 039 (4,7%) Sčítanie ľudu 1910 189 3 473 (5,4%) Sčítanie ľudu 1919 160 3 940 (4,0%) Prvý súpis československej populácie 1921 158 3 743 (4,2%) Sčítanie ľudu 1930 153 3 833 (4,0%) Sčítanie ľudu 1941 178 3 950 (4,5%) Sčítanie ľudu 1948 55 3 396 (1,6%) Büchler, YR – Shahak, R. – Fatran, A. (szerk.): Pinkasz ha-kehillot: Szlovakia . Jerusalem, Yad vashem, 2003, 164. p. 2001 0 3 134 Sčítanie ľudu Poznámka : V zmene počtu osôb medzi rokmi 1880 a 1910 zohrala rolu to, že hrušovský majer, ktorý bol dovtedy súčasťou Dolných Salíb sa pričlenila k obci Horné Saliby Tabuľka 4 Mená narodených židovských detí v Dolných Salibách 1840 – 1859 Adolf, Dávid, Jakab, Lázár, Lipót, Mór, Mózes Eszter, Júlia, Karolin, Katalin, Mária, Rozi, Sarolta 1860 – 1879 Ábrahám, Adolf, Éliás, Hermann, Izsák, Nátán, Simon Antónia, Erzsébet, Fáni, Júlianna, Karolin, Katalin, Mária, Rozália
Page 18
18 1880 – 1899 Béla, Dezső, Ferenc, Géza, Ignác, Lajos Miklós, Mór, Samu Berta, Helena, Ilona, Irén, Jakab, Júlia, Lina, Mária, Paulina, Rozália, Sarolta, Teréz 1900 – 1920 Adolf, Dezső, Emanuel, Endre, Ernő, Gyula, Ignác, Jakab, József, Márton, Miksa, Oszkár, Pál, Rezső, Vilmos Adél, Berta, Eleonóra, Helena, Ilona, Irén, Katalin, Margit, Olga 1921 – 1939 Alfréd, Andor, András, Ernő, György, Imre, László, Pál Alíz, Edit, Éva, Ilona, Jolán, Klára, Magdolna, Mária, Rozália, Viola Lívia Tabuľka 5 Mená narodených židovských detí v Horných Salibách 1840 – 1859 József Janka, Jozefa 1860 – 1879 Ábrahám, Adolf (2), Bernát, Hermann (2), Ignác, Károly Jakab, Lipót (2), Manó Jakab, Mór (2), Rafael Ferdinánd, Samu, Salamon, Simon (2) Berta, Fáni (3), Franciska, Ilona (2), Jetti, Johanna, Katalin (4), Rozália 1880 – 1899 Adolf, Árpád (2), Géza, Gyula, Jenő (2), Jakab, József (3), Lajos, Lázár, Nátán, Rezső, Salamon, Sándor (3), Simon, Anna, Aranka, Erzsébet, Eugénia, Fani, Ida, Ilona, Irén, Irma, Johanna, Julianna, Karolin (2), Rozália (2), Sára 1900 – 1920 Árpád (2), Béla (4), Farkas, Frigyes, Géza (3), Henrik, Ignác (3), Imre, Jenő (2), József (3), Kálmán (3), Lajos (4), László Imre, Leó, Lipót (2), Miksa (4), Mór (2), Móric, Nándor, Oszkár, Pál (2), Rafael Ferdinánd, Rezső, Salamon, Sándor (4), Simon (2), Tibor (2), Vilmos, Zoltán, Zsigmond Aranka, Bella, Berta, Blanka (2), Ernesztina, Erzsébet, Eszter (4), Etel (2), Fáni (2), Gizella, Hedvig (3), Hermin, Hermina, Ilona, Ida, Julianna (3), Katalin, Kornélia, Lívia, Malvin, Mária (2), Margit (4), Márta, Olga, Paulina (2), Regina (2), Rozália (3), Rózsa (3), Sarolta, Szerén, Szidónia, Teréz (3) 1921 – 1938 Alfréd, Andor (2), Béla, Dezső, Eduárd, Ernő, Ervin (3), Ferenc, Hugó, Ignác, Ignác Salamon, Jenő (5), József, László (2), Lipót, Márton, Miklós (2), Móric, René, Richárd, Sándor (2), Simon, Tibor (2), Vilmos, Walter Adél, Alice, Anna, Aurélia (2), Berta, Edit, Éva (2), Gizella, Helena, Hermina, Hipolita, Janka (2), Judit (2), Lea, Katalin (2), Klára, Malvin, Magdolna, Margit, Regina, Rozália (3), Szeréna, Veronika, Viola
Page 19
19 1939 – 1944 József, René, Róbert, Salamon (2), Sándor, Simon Edit, Erzsébet, Ibolya, Lenke, Lívia (2), Magdolna, Szerén, Veronika, Zsuzsanna 1945 után Eduárd, József, Pál, Vilmos Judit (2), Lea Príklady náhrobných nápisov Horné Saliby, 61. náhrobný kameň Nepoškodený stojací kameň, na jednej strane s maďarským nápisom. Spodná časť hebrejského nápisu je v zákryte. Itt nyugszik Krakauer József 1896 – 1958 ----------- טפ בושחה ינברה הומ '' ףסוי לארשי ר רעיוקארק ע''ה י יה םיענו רש ' ויתוכילהו ויכרד לכב ש הליהקה ידלי ךירדהו האריב הרותב דק ר וימיב לבס םיבואכמ םיב א וידלי הנומשו ותיער תגירהב והתאצמ לב ל ןויבח זוע בתכמ תאז לכב חכש א י ןוילע לאל דובעלו תעדל דוע ףס ו ה תא דבכ ' ונורגבו ונוהב ס י יה ףי ' ואובחמ תעב וראוצ לע חנמ פ ובוטו ודסח בורב םשה ותוא הד ה רכזי ' הבושחהו העונצה ותיער תמשנ ע שטוי תב ייח אליק תרמ ''ה […]
Page 20
20 Preklad: Tu odpočíva / Krakauer / József / 1896 – 1958 / Tu je pochovaný / významný rabín / náš majster a učiteľ R. Jiszrael Joszef / Krakauer, nech je mu zem ľahká. / Čestný a dobrý v každej ceste a čine, / horlil za Tóru a bohabojnosť, viedol deti náboženskej obce. / Utrpel mnoho trápení vo svojom živote, / smútok ho zasiahol po usmrtení manželky a ôsmich detí. / Napriek tomu nezabudol na písmo, ktoré poskytuje azyl, / pokračoval v poznaní a službe Najvyššiemu Bohu, / uctil Večného svojím nadaním a hlasom. / Už mal meč na krku počas ukrývania sa, / ale Večný ho v jeho milosti a láskavosti vyslobodil. / Nech spomenie Večný aj na jeho skromnú a váženú manželku / na ženu Kila Haja, dcéru Jots, pokoj s ňou! / […] Matričná identifikácia ( Hornosalibská rodná matrika , 1896/ 8): József Krakauer, žil 62 rokov. Otec Salamon Krakauer, matka Rozália Müller. Prvá manželka Vilma Stern (1896 – 1931), druhá manželka Kornélia Messinger (1902 – 1944). V nápise spomínaných osem zabitých detí: Tibor (1923), Malvin (1925) a Rozália (1929) z prvého manželstva, ďalej Lea (1933), Éva (1936), Klára (1938), Salamon (1941) a Róbert (1942) z druhého manželstva. Horné Saliby, 30. náhrobný kameň Nepoškodený, stojací kameň. נפ והכ רשיו םת שיא ''ר ןועמש רעגניססעמ ע''ה ץראד יאבג םינש אל היח בירעהו םיכשה לארשי הלפתה תיבל ומויב םוי ידמ ףרט איבה ויפכ תעזב ל ב סנרפ '' חלש זכעו ב תובישיב דומלל וינב השש יכרד לע םלדגל ידכ הרותה ----- תרשעו ותשא ןובאדל רטפנ
Page 21
21 םינש גס ןב םידכנו םינב קל דצרת בא םחנמ טי םויב ה ב צ נ ת הנח אש Preklad: Tu je pochovaný / mierny a čestný muž, náš vážený učiteľ R. / Simon Messinger / pokoj s ním / 31 rokov zbieral milodary pre Erec Jiszrael / deň čo deň chodil / ráno i večer do modlitebne. / Namáhavo, vlastnoručne získal potravu / pre vyživovanie svojej rodiny, a predsa poslal / svojich šiestich synov do ješivy učiť sa, / aby ich vychoval na cesty Tóry. / Na smútok svojej manželky, desiatich detí a vnukov odišiel / ako 63-ročný / dňa 19. menahem av, podľa malého letopočtu v roku 694 [31. júl 1934] / Nech je jeho duša zviazaná do puta života! / Meno jeho matky Hana. Matričná identifikácia ( Hornosalibská úmrtná matrika , 1934/37): Simon Messinger lichvár (Horné Saliby 60.). Zomrel 31. júla 1934 ako 65-ročný. Otec Dávid Messinger, matka Anna Seidl, manželka Henrietta Krakauer. Horné Saliby, 64. náhrobný kameň Nepoškodený, stojací kameň. ה מ העונצהו הבושחה השא ' טפ לזיר כ תשא ' כ רעללימ השמ '' נ ץ ''י ר םימיל הריעצו םילעפ תב י אצ' םימורמב לייטל התמשנ ז התיה הלעבל הראפת ר ל השרפ היפכ לדו ינע ב יאצאצ יחרפ בל ' הליתשה ת הרוהט האריו תמא תרו ש השמח םינב םאמ ונררו מ םייחה ביתנ ךרד ונל ריאי י לאו ךתמשנו הנפנ ימ םימשב י הרטפנ ' קפל וסרת ןושח Preklad: Tu je pochovaná / skromná a vážená žena / pani Reizl / manželka kohena Mose
Page 22
22 Müllera – nech svieti jeho svetlo. / Vykonala veľa, napriek tomu, že za mlada / odišla jej duša do večnosti. / Bola ozdobou svojho manžela, / k chudobným a biednym vždy mala otvorenú náruč. / Do sŕdc svojich detí / vštiepila čistú Tóru a čistú vieru. / Prišli sme o matku piatich synov! / Kto nám ukáže cestu života? / Na koho sa máme obrátiť, ak tvoja duša je už vo výšinách? / Skonala 10. mesiaca hevan, podľa malého letopočtu v roku 666 [8. november 1905]. Identifikácia (Hornosalibská úmrtná matrika, 1906/58): Mórné Müller rod. Teréz Vinkler. Zomrela 8. novembra 1905 ako 45-ročná vo Viedni, na následky mozgového abscesu. Narodila sa v Zlatých Klasoch. Meno jej otca sa dá vyčítať z akrostichonu: Sámuel. V nápise spomenutí piati synovia: Lajos Müller (1891 – 1944), Sámuel Müller (1893 – 1944), Henrik Müller (1894 – 1944), Lipót Müller (1896 – ? ) a Miksa Müller (1901 – ?); najväčší mal iba 14 rokov, keď zomrela ich matka. Dolné Saliby, 36. náhrobný kameň Zrútený, ale nepoškodený náhrobný kameň, nepoškodený nápis נפ א'' העונצהו הבושחה ח מ' שירבאד ע''ה כ תשא ''ה ע שטייד םהרבא ''ה ד תוחנא ברו הגותמ ונשפנ הפל א תוחונמל הכלה הרקי שפנ הדב ב ינ' םאכ יכ ונא הלדג ונתוא ר הליסמ רשוי ונל תורוהל התשע תוב ו (!) ןויבאו ינע םע דסח לומג התכרה ש ןוילע סכ ינפל ונדעב ץילמת המ וט הרטפנ '' ת רייא ב 'ר'צ'ד' קל ה ב צ נ ת אלביל אשו Preklad: Tu je pochovaná / vážená, skromná, výborná žena / pani Dobris, pokoj s ňou / manželka váženého Avrahama Deutscha – pokoj s ním. / Naša duša roní slzy od smútku a veľkej bolesti, / stratila sa vzácna duša, odišla na miesto odpočinku. / Sme jej synovia, lebo vychovávala nás ako matka, / spravila veľa, aby nás naučila na priamy chodník. / Bola milosrdná s chudobnými a biednymi. / Jej meno sa prihovorí za nás pred trónom
Page 23
23 Všemohúceho. / Zomrela 17. ijjára, podľa malého letopočtu v r. 694 [2. máj 1934]. / Nech je jej duša zviazaná do puta života. / Meno matky Libele. Identifikácia (Dolnosalibská úmrtná matrika , 1934/ 13): Adolfné Deutsch, rod. Sarolta Müller (Dolné Saliby 85). Zomrela 1. mája 1934 ako 76-ročná. Akrostichon, ktorý obsahuje meno ženy, je v piatom verši chybný. Zdroje: Civilné matriky (rodné a úmrtné) Dolných a Horných Salíb 1896 – 1949. Náhrobné nápisy židovských cintorínov v Dolných a Horných Salibách. BAR SHAKED, Gavriel (Ed.). Munkaszázadok veszteségei a keleti magyar hadműveleti területeken. 1 – 2. köt. New York : Klarsfeld Foundation – Yad Vashem [é. n.] (Nevek Klarsfeld Projekt: www.neveklarsfeld.org). BARABÁS, Györgi. Magyarországi zsidó hitközségek, egyletek, társulatok alapszabályai 1705 – 2005. Budapest : MTA Judaisztikai Kutatóközpont, 2007. /Magyar zsidó levéltári repertórium, 2./ Centropa. A Jewish Witness to a European Century. Dostupné na internete: www.centropa.org. Interview s Ruženou Deutschovou a Katarínou Müllerovou v časti Slovakia (Martin Korčok, október 2004). GLATTSTEIN, Joel Zeev Wolf. Szefer seelot u-tesuvot nahalat Joel Zeev I. Booklyn : Hevra ansé Helmec, 1988, no. 30/ 56. KEPECS, József (Ed.). A zsidó népesség száma településenként 1840 – 1941. Budapest : Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, 1993. KEPECS, József (Ed.). A Felvidék településeinek nemzetiségi (anyanyelvi) megoszlása 1880 – 1941. Budapest : Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, 1995. SCHWEITZER, József – FROJIMOVICS, Kinga (Eds.). Magyarországi zsidó hitközségek 1944. április. A Magyar Zsidók Központi Tanácsának összeírása a német hatóságok rendelkezése nyomán. 1. köt. Adattár. Budapest : MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1994, s. 215-216. Shoah Victims' Database. Jerusalem : Yad Vashem, www.yadvashem.org/wps/portal. Štátny súpis židov v roku 1767/8. In: SCHEIBER, Sándor (Ed.). Magyar-zsidó oklevéltár. 16. köt. Budapest : Magyar Izraeliták Országos Képviselete, 1974. Zoznam použitej literatúry: BÁRKÁNY, Eugen – DOJČ, Ľudovít. Židovské náboženské obce na Slovensku. Bratislava : Vesna, 1991, s. 145-146. BRAHAM, Randolph. L. (Ed.). A magyarországi holokauszt földrajzi enciklopédiája. 1 – 3. köt. Budapest : Park Könyvkiadó, 2007. BUKOVSZKY, László (Ed.). Mátyusföld II. Egy régió története a XI. századtól 1945-ig. Komárom – Dunaszerdahely : Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet – Lilium Aurum Könyvkiadó, 2005.
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24 BÜCHLER, YR – SHAHAK, R. – FATRAN, A. (Eds.): Pinkasz ha-kehillot: Szlovakia. Jerusalem : Yad vashem, 2003, s. 164-166. FROJIMOVICS, Kinga – MOLNÁR, Judit (Eds.). Gettómagyarország 1944. A Központi Zsidó Tanács iratai. Budapest : Magyar Zsidó Levéltár, 2002. /Makor – Magyar zsidó levéltári füzetek, 5./ KOVÁCS, Éva. Felemás asszimiláció. A kassai zsidóság a két világháború között 1918 – 1938. Somorja–Dunaszerdahely : Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet – Lilium Aurum Könyvkiadó, 2004. /Nostra Tempora, 9./ LÁNYI, Menyhért – PROPPERNÉ, Békefi Hermin. Szlovenszkói zsidó hitközségek története. Kassa, 1933. PUKKAI, László (Ed.). Alsószeli. Galánta, 1990. The former Jewish population of Lower and Upper Saliby We can find only a few short surveys in the regional literature about two small Jewish neighbouring settlements of Mátyusföld on the basis of which we can broadly outline their history. This study analyzes two sources that have not been used in literature: the cemeteries and the civil registers. Findings from these and other sources should broaden our understanding of these communities. The cemeteries and the civil register comprehend almost the same period: a half century between the last decade of the 19 th century and the end of the 1940s, with a lot references back to the middle of the 19 th century. These records offer an insight into the migration of the Jewish families to the here examined villages, their practice of name-giving, the social composition and the religious institutions of the local Jewish community, the consequences of the anti-Jewish legislation and the fate of the Jews in Saliby during the Holocaust.

Re: The JewishGen Family Finder:

Sorry, I don't have any information about that individual. But you seem to have access to some set of archives of the Jewish Agency for Palestine. I am looking for information about my grandfather, Rudolph Klein who was an employee for the Agency in Austria. According to a NY Post article from 1941 my grandfather was arrested and released by the Gestapo three times because of his work for the Agency. He then came to America and joined the army so that he can return to Europe to fight the Nazis.

Gut Voch,

---===
Reuven Chaim Klein
Genealogical Researcher
JewishGen ID #106665

--- On Sat, 5/14/11, Christine Schmidt <JGJGFF@lyris.jewishgen.org> wrote:

> From: Christine Schmidt <JGJGFF@lyris.jewishgen.org>
> Subject: The JewishGen Family Finder:
> To: rachack@futurecities.com
> Date: Saturday, May 14, 2011, 4:48 AM
>
> - From : Christine Schmidt, (researcher code 103414) ch.schmidt@freakmail.de
> - To : Reuven Chaim Klein, (researcher code 106665)
> - Subject : The JewishGen Family Finder:
> =======================================================
> My name is Christine Schmidt. I come from Germany. I've
> been looking so long for Ignatz Klein from Mukacheve, born
> 27.06.1928 in Palanok. He was inmate in Buchenwald and the
> subcamp Berga/Elster. He moved to Israel from the DP Camp
> Pocking, 7-9-48
> Source
> AJDC München, Siebertstraße 3, Fotokopie der Abreiseliste
> Nr. 13 v. Jewish Agency for Palestine, Head Office, US Zone
> Germany S. 4
> Please hepl if you can
> Christine
>
> =======================================================
> Email posted from the JewishGen Family Finder
> Sign up now for the JGFFAlert and other Value-Added
> services!
> http://www.jewishgen.org/JewishGen/ValueAdded.asp
>
> Help JewishGen Help You!
> http://www.jewishgen.org/jewishgen-erosity/contribute.html
>
>
>
>
>
>
> nj

Re: The JewishGen Family Finder:

Sorry, I have no information on that KLEIN family.
---===
Reuven Chaim Klein
Genealogical Researcher
JewishGen ID #106665

--- On Wed, 5/11/11, Marilyn Platnick Glass <JGJGFF@lyris.jewishgen.org> wrote:

> From: Marilyn Platnick Glass <JGJGFF@lyris.jewishgen.org>
> Subject: The JewishGen Family Finder:
> To: rachack@futurecities.com
> Date: Wednesday, May 11, 2011, 1:55 PM
>
> - From : Marilyn Platnick Glass, (researcher code 27483) mpmg@rogers.com
> - To : Reuven Chaim Klein, (researcher code 106665)
> - Subject : The JewishGen Family Finder:
> =======================================================
> Hi:
>
> I am searching for information regarding Abraham
> Klein/Kleiner and his wife Rochel (surname unknown) from the
> Mukacheve, Ukraine area.
>
> They had six children:  Mirel (David Palatnik -- my
> grandparents), Bessie (Jacob Itzhak Hoffman), Sura, Feige
> (Shalom Yakov Slatkin -- various spellings), Samuel (Rose
> Slatky -- various spellings) and Ruhel.
>
> Thank you for reading the above and I look forward to your
> reply.
>
> Marilyn Platnick Glass
> Toronto, Ontario  Canada
> =======================================================
> Email posted from the JewishGen Family Finder
> Sign up now for the JGFFAlert and other Value-Added
> services!
> http://www.jewishgen.org/JewishGen/ValueAdded.asp
>
> Help JewishGen Help You!
> http://www.jewishgen.org/jewishgen-erosity/contribute.html
>
>
>
>
>
>
> .o

RE: The JewishGen Family Finder:

My grandfather, Dezider (Dovid) Messinger's sister, Katherina (Kayla) Messinger, was the wife of Kalman Messinger. Yes, he married his own cousin. The father of Dezider and Katherina was Baruch Messinger. He was the brother of your great-grandfather, Shimon Messinger.

I know another great-grandson of Shimon Messinger, he lives near me here in Jerusalem and his name is Robi Messinger.

I always a dream of writing an account of how life used to be in the old country in horne saliby. Maybe you can help me and/or my mother with such a project? I'm looking for stories and family traditions and descriptions...

Kol Tuv,
---
===
Reuven Chaim Klein
Genealogical Researcher
JewishGen ID #106665

--- On Tue, 5/3/11, RICHARD.MELLER@lw.com <RICHARD.MELLER@lw.com> wrote:

> From: RICHARD.MELLER@lw.com <RICHARD.MELLER@lw.com>
> Subject: RE: The JewishGen Family Finder:
> To: rachack@futurecities.com
> Cc: edithk@email.com
> Date: Tuesday, May 3, 2011, 7:57 AM
> Thank you Reuven.   I
> know I have some relatives in Ashkelon and I am
> trying to find out more about them.  My mother was
> Judith Aftergut and
> she was born in Bratislava and moved to Horne Saliby when
> she was
> young.  I also had a great uncle, Kalman Messinger in
> New York and
> great uncle Vilmosh who died in the war.  I believe
> that side of the
> family made a living breaking horses.  My great
> grandfather was Simon
> Messinger.  Please let me know if any of this
> information is helpful.
> I will let you know if I find anything more.
>
> Thanks,
> Rick
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: ראובן חיים קליין [mailto:rachack@futurecities.com]
>
> Sent: Tuesday, May 03, 2011 6:56 AM
> To: Meller, Richard (CH)
> Cc: Edith Klein
> Subject: Re: The JewishGen Family Finder:
>
> My mother's maiden name is Messinger. She was born in
> Saliby and moved
> to Bratislava (Pressburg) as a child. I seem to remember
> her showing
> me an article on the internet about the Jewish community in
> Horne
> Saliby but I cannot seem to find it now. I am CC'ing her
> this email...
>
> You should know that there are many many Messinger
> relatives all over
> the world. I live in Jerusalem and I know there are many
> Messingers
> here in Israel as well as in New York, Los Angeles,
> England, etc...
> There might even be some left in Slovakia, I would have to
> ask my
> mother to help me get you in touch with them. If you need
> anymore
> help, please email me.
>
> Also, if you find anything please tell me.
>
> ---===
> Reuven Chaim Klein
> Genealogical Researcher
> JewishGen ID    #106665
>
>
> --- On Mon, 5/2/11, Richard Samuel Meller <JGJGFF@lyris.jewishgen.org>
> wrote:
>
> > From: Richard Samuel Meller <JGJGFF@lyris.jewishgen.org>
> > Subject: The JewishGen Family Finder:
> > To: rachack@futurecities.com
> > Date: Monday, May 2, 2011, 2:36 PM
> >
> > - From : Richard Samuel Meller, (researcher code
> 484073)
> > richard.meller@lw.com
> > - To : Reuven Chaim Klein, (researcher code 106665)
> > - Subject : The JewishGen Family Finder:
> >
> =======================================================
> > Hello Rueven
> > My grandmother was Rivkah Messinger (married to Heskel
> Aftergut).  I
>
> > am going to Horne Saliby this summer and am trying to
> gather
> > information about my family and would appreciate it
> you sharing
> > anything you have.
> >
> > Thanks
> > Rick
> >
> =======================================================
> > Email posted from the JewishGen Family Finder Sign up
> now for the
> > JGFFAlert and other Value-Added services!
> > http://www.jewishgen.org/JewishGen/ValueAdded.asp
> >
> > Help JewishGen Help You!
> > http://www.jewishgen.org/jewishgen-erosity/contribute.html
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Ae
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Re: The JewishGen Family Finder:

My mother's maiden name is Messinger. She was born in Saliby and moved to Bratislava (Pressburg) as a child. I seem to remember her showing me an article on the internet about the Jewish community in Horne Saliby but I cannot seem to find it now. I am CC'ing her this email...

You should know that there are many many Messinger relatives all over the world. I live in Jerusalem and I know there are many Messingers here in Israel as well as in New York, Los Angeles, England, etc... There might even be some left in Slovakia, I would have to ask my mother to help me get you in touch with them. If you need anymore help, please email me.

Also, if you find anything please tell me.

---===
Reuven Chaim Klein
Genealogical Researcher
JewishGen ID #106665

--- On Mon, 5/2/11, Richard Samuel Meller <JGJGFF@lyris.jewishgen.org> wrote:

> From: Richard Samuel Meller <JGJGFF@lyris.jewishgen.org>
> Subject: The JewishGen Family Finder:
> To: rachack@futurecities.com
> Date: Monday, May 2, 2011, 2:36 PM
>
> - From : Richard Samuel Meller, (researcher code 484073) richard.meller@lw.com
> - To : Reuven Chaim Klein, (researcher code 106665)
> - Subject : The JewishGen Family Finder:
> =======================================================
> Hello Rueven
> My grandmother was Rivkah Messinger (married to Heskel
> Aftergut).  I am going to Horne Saliby this summer and
> am trying to gather information about my family and would
> appreciate it you sharing anything you have.
>
> Thanks
> Rick
> =======================================================
> Email posted from the JewishGen Family Finder
> Sign up now for the JGFFAlert and other Value-Added
> services!
> http://www.jewishgen.org/JewishGen/ValueAdded.asp
>
> Help JewishGen Help You!
> http://www.jewishgen.org/jewishgen-erosity/contribute.html
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Ae